DNA encoding lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF) and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Purified DNA encoding lyphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF) and the recombinant proteins expressed from such DNA are disclosed. In addition, the invention provides methods for suppressing an LCF-CD4 interaction and screening candidate LCF agonists or antagonists. The invention also provides compositions and methods useful for stimulating proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in a mammal.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/068,949, filed May 21, 1993 (now abandoned).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Health (NIH HL32802) and the government therefore has certain rights in the invention.

This invention relates to lymphocyte chemoattractant factors.

CD4, a cell-cell adhesion protein, is expressed on a subset of T lymphocytes (Krensky et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2365-2369, 1982; Biddison et al., J. Exp. Med. 156:1065-1076, 1982; and Wilde et al., J. Immunol. 131:152-157, 1983), mononuclear cells (Stewart et al., J. Immunol. 136:3773-3778, 1986), and eosinophils (Rand et al., J. Exp. Med. 173:1521-1528, 1991). In lymphocytes, CD4 contributes to antigen receptor signaling (Collins et al., J. Immunol. 148:2159-2162, 1992; Anderson et al., J. Immunol. 139-678-682, 1987; Eichmann et al., J. Immunol. 17:643-650, 1987; Walker et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 17:873-880 1987; and Sleckman et al., Nature 328:351-353, 1987) by direct interaction with MHC Class II molecules (Doyle et al., Nature 330:256-259, 1987). In addition, a natural soluble lymphokine, lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), requires cell surface expression of CD4 to induce chemotactic activity in monocytes (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3823, 1987), eosinophils (Rand et al., J. Exp. Med. 173:1521-1528, 1991) and T lymphocytes (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3823, 1987; Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 146:2928-2934, 1991). In concert with its chemoattractant activity LCF acts as a competence growth factor for human T lymphocytes (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3823, 1987).

LCF is a cationic, 56-kD glycoprotein representing the tetrameric form of four 14-kD monomeric chains. LCF is produced by T lymphocytes and is specifically chemoattractant for CD4+ T-cells, monocytes and eosinophils (see, e.g., Berman et al. Cell Immunol. 95:105-112, 1985; Rand et al., JEM 173:1521-1528, 1991). Secretion of LCF by CD8+ T cells occurs (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817, 1987;) after stimulation by mitogen, antigen, histamine or serotonin. The latter two are of particular interest because degranulated mast cells and basophils are present in tissue sites of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (see, e.g., Askenase Prog. Allergy 23:199-320, 1977). Induction of LCF by a mast cell or a basophil product provides a link between the early mediator phase of the immune response and the development of the later T-lymphocyte-predominant inflammatory reaction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the invention features recombinant lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF) polypeptide, e.g., LCF produced in a prokaryotic or baculovirus expression system. Preferably, the polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence substantially identical to the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1). By "lymphocyte chemoattractant factor polypeptide" is meant all or part of a protein which specifically binds CD4 and signals the appropriate LCF-mediated cascade of biological events, e.g., a polypeptide capable of promoting or stimulating the migration of unactivated or activated CD4+ lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and the like. By "polypeptide" is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation). By a "substantially identical" amino acid sequence is meant an amino acid sequence which differs only by conservative amino acid substitutions, for example, substitution of one amino acid for another of the same class (e.g., valine for glycine, arginine for lysine and the like) or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions located at positions of the amino acid sequence which do not destroy the biological activity of the polypeptide. Such equivalent polypeptides can be isolated by extraction from tissues or cells of any animal which naturally produce such a polypeptide or which can be induced to do so, using the methods described below, or their equivalent; or can be isolated by chemical synthesis; or can be isolated by standard techniques of recombinant DNA technology, e.g., by isolation of cDNA or genomic DNA encoding such a polypeptide.

In another aspect, the invention features a fragment or analog of LCF which exhibits LCF agonist or antagonist activity. The invention thus includes any biologically active fragment or analog of LCF polypeptide. By "biologically active" is meant possessing any activity which is characteristic of the 130-amino acid LCF polypeptide shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Because LCF polypeptide exhibits a range of physiological properties and because such properties may be attributable to different portions of the LCF polypeptide molecule, a useful LCF polypeptide fragment or LCF polypeptide analog is one which exhibits a biological activity in any biological assay for LCF polypeptide activity, for example, those assays described herein. Most preferably it possesses 10%, preferably 40%, or at least 90% of the activity of LCF polypeptide (shown in FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO: 1), in any LCF polypeptide assay.

Preferred analogs include LCF polypeptide (or biologically active fragments thereof) whose sequences differ from the wild-type sequence only by conservative amino acid substitutions, for example, substitution of one amino acid for another with similar characteristics (e.g., valine for glycine, arginine for lysine, and the like) or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions which do not abolish the polypeptide's biological activity. Other useful modifications include those which increase peptide stability; such analogs may contain, for example, one or more non-peptide bonds (which replace the peptide bonds) or D-amino acids in the peptide sequence.

Analogs can differ from naturally occurring LCF polypeptide in amino acid sequence or can be modified in ways that do not involve sequence, or both. Analogs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 70%, more preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% or even 99%, homology with a segment of 20 amino acid residues, preferably more than 40 amino acid residues, or more preferably the entire sequence of a naturally occurring LCF polypeptide sequence.

Alterations in primary sequence include genetic variants, both natural and induced. Also included are analogs that include residues other than naturally occurring L-amino acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids, e.g., β or γ amino acids. Alternatively, increased stability may be conferred by cyclizing the peptide molecule. Modifications include in vivo or in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, prenylation, isoprenylation, myristilation, carboxylation, or glycosylation; glycosylation can be modified, e.g., by modifying the glycosylation patterns of a polypeptide during its synthesis and processing or in further processing steps, e.g., by exposing the polypeptide to glycosylation affecting enzymes derived from cells that normally provide such processing, e.g., mammalian glycosylation enzymes; phosphorylation can be modified by exposing the polypeptide to phosphorylation-altering enzymes, e.g., kinases or phosphatases, etc. By "substantially pure" is meant that the LCF polypeptide provided by the invention is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight, LCF polypeptide. A substantially pure LCF polypeptide may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source (e.g., a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell) using the methods outlined below; or can be isolated by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a LCF polypeptide using the standard techniques of recombinant DNA technology, e.g., by isolation of cDNA or genomic DNA encoding such an LCF polypeptide, or by chemically synthesizing the protein, fragment or analog thereof. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.

In another aspect, the invention features substantially pure DNA encoding a LCF polypeptide (or polypeptide fragment or analog thereof) as described above. Preferably, the DNA comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2). Moreover, such a DNA is cDNA and encodes a mammalian LCF polypeptide, e.g., a human. The invention also features a vector which includes such substantially pure DNA and which is capable of directing expression of the protein encoded by the DNA in a vector-containing cell. The invention features a cell which contains the substantially pure DNA. The cell may be either prokaryotic, e.g., E. coli or eukaryotic, e.g., a mammalian cell or the cell of an arthropod, e.g., a grasshopper.

By "substantially pure DNA" is meant DNA that is free of the genes which, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the DNA of the invention is derived, flank the gene The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodologies or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of producing a recombinant LCF polypeptide (or a fragment or analog thereof). The method involves (a) providing a cell (e.g., E. coli or S. frugidera transformed with DNA encoding a LCF polypeptide or a fragment or analog thereof positioned for expression in the cell; (b) culturing the transformed cell under conditions for expressing the DNA; and (c) isolating the recombinant LCF polypeptide. By "transformed cell" is meant a cell into which (or into an ancestor of which) has been introduced, by means of recombinant techniques, a DNA molecule encoding (as used herein) an LCF polypeptide. Such a DNA molecule is "positioned for expression" meaning that the DNA molecule is positioned adjacent to a DNA sequence which directs transcription and translation of the sequence (i.e., facilitates the production of, e.g. LCF, or fragment or analog thereof).

In still another aspect, the invention features a substantially pure antibody which binds preferentially to a LCF (or a fragment or analog thereof). By "substantially pure antibody" is meant antibody which is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 99%, by weight, antibody, e.g., LCF antibody. A substantially pure LCF antibody may be obtained, for example, by affinity chromatography using recombinantly-produced LCF polypeptide and standard techniques. Furthermore, the purified antibody is sufficiently free of other proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids with which it is naturally associated to permit therapeutic administration. Such an antibody "preferentially binds" to an LCF polypeptide (or a fragment or analog thereof), i.e., does not substantially recognize and bind to other antigenically-unrelated molecules.

Preferably, the antibody neutralizes the biological activity of the protein to which it binds. By "neutralize" is meant to partially or completely block (e.g., the biological activity of a LCF polypeptide).

In other aspects, the polypeptides or antibodies described above are used as the active ingredient of therapeutic compositions. In such therapeutic compositions, the active ingredient is formulated with a physiologically-acceptable carrier. These therapeutic compositions are used in a method of suppressing or mimicking LCF-CD4 interaction mediated physiological response. In particular, these methods are used to reduce an immune response and/or inflammation. Compounds useful in practicing the method include, without limitation, an LCF antibody, or an LCF fragment or analog, or a drug, e.g. an organic compound.

In yet another aspect, the invention features a method of screening candidate compounds for their ability to inhibit interaction between LCF and CD4. The method involves: a) mixing a candidate antagonist compound with LCF; b) measuring LCF-CD4 binding; and c) identifying antagonistic compounds as those that interfere with the binding.

In still another aspect, the invention features a method of screening candidate compounds for the ability to mimick LCF activity, the method comprising: a) mixing a candidate agonist compound with CD4 receptor; b) measuring binding of said compound to CD4 receptor; and c) identifying agonist compounds as those that bind CD4 receptor and mediate cell migration.

In another aspect, the invention features a composition for stimulating proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in a mammal, the composition comprising LCF and a growth factor. In preferred embodiments, the composition includes LCF and a growth factor in a ratio which causes synergy, e.g., ranging from 1:100 to 1:1 (LCF to growth factor). Preferably, the growth factor is a cytokine e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I.

The invention also features a method for stimulating proliferation of CD4+ T cells in a mammal, the method includes contacting cells with LCF and IL-2 together or close enough in time to cause synergy. In preferred embodiments, the method includes administering to a mammal (e.g., a human patient) an effective amount of LCF and a growth factor, wherein the proliferative activity of LCF in combination with the growth factor is greater than the proliferative activity of the LCF in the absence of the growth factor and the proliferative activity of the growth factor in the absence of LCF. In preferred embodiments the growth factor is a cytokine and, if desired, the administration of the composition occurs more than once.

The proteins of the invention are thought to be involved in events leading to inducing the migration of specialized immune cells, e.g., eosinophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes, which are important constituents and mediators of both the immune response and inflammation. Such proteins are therefore useful to treat or, alternatively, to develop therapeutics to treat hyperresponsive immune reactions and inflammation that pertain to the activation and subsequent infiltration of T lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Particular disorders which may be treated using the proteins and/or the methods of the present invention include, without limitation, any granulomatous immune reaction, e.g., as effected by tissue-invasive helminth parasites, cutaneous and respiratory late-phase reactions to allergens, asthma, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythromatosis, allogenic organ transplant rejection, contact (cell-mediated) dermatitis, and immunologically mediated skin diseases (e.g. pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid). A comprehensive text on the aforementioned disorders may be found in Principles of Internal Medicine 12th ed. (Wilson et al., McGraw Hill, Inc., N.Y.). Preferred therapeutics include antagonists, e.g., peptide fragments, or antibodies, or drugs, which block LCF or LCF:CD4 receptor function by interfering with the LCF:CD4 receptor interaction and any concomitant biological activity directed by LCF.

Recombinant LCF can also be used as an immunosuppressive agent or as part of immunosuppressive therapy. In particular, recombinant LCF may serve to attenuate, interupt, or prevent the cascade of events that eventually result in immunological rejection of tissue or organ transplants. For example, recombinant LCF may be used to attenuate, interupt, or prevent a patient from rejecting a kidney, lung, or combined heart-lung, or liver transplants. Further, recombinant LCF by virtue of its ability to interact and bind with CD4 receptors may be useful in the design of immunotoxins that selectively destroy CD4+ receptor bearing cells. Finally, recombinant LCF may be used, alone or in combination with other compounds (e.g. growth factors), to activate and replenish a CD4 lymphocyte population in any patient with a depleted population.

Because LCF may now be produced by recombinant techniques and because candidate antagonists or agonists may be screened according to the assays described herein. The instant invention provides a simple and rapid approach to the identification of useful therapeutics. Such an approach was previously difficult because insufficient LCF was available to identify its role in disease in animal models, and antibodies and DNA and RNA probes were previously unavailable for detection of LCF protein or gene expression in diseased tissues.

Thus, once identified, a peptide- or antibody-based therapeutic may be produced, in large quantity and inexpensively, using recombinant and molecular biological techniques, and the methods of the present invention. Finally, any chemical compound, e.g., an organic compound, may be easily screened according to the methods outlined herein in order to evaluate their effect on LCF:CD4 interaction.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings will first be described.

FIG. 1 shows a northern analysis of LCF from total 10 cellular RNA prepared from human T lymphocytes. Positions of 18S and 28S RNA visualized by ethidium bromide staining are shown at their respective arrows.

FIG. 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of the LCF-A cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 2) and predicted amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (SEQ ID NO: 1). Nucleotides are numbered on the left side beginning with the first nucleotide of the CDNA. The poly A tail begins immediately after the last indicated nucleotide (2152) and is omitted. Translation of the putative LCF coding sequence is indicated below the corresponding nucleotide sequence starting with Met. Each amino acid is consecutively numbered. An Asn residue (amino acid residue 5) represents a potential glycosylation site (marked with a dot). Two candidate polyadenylation signal sequences are underlined.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show a SDS-PAGE of recombinant LCF expressed in E. coli and a rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation of RNA synthesized from LCF cDNA . FIG. 3A shows recombinant LCF protein run on a 15% SDS-PAGE followed by coomassie blue staining. In FIG. 3A, lane A shows crude supernatant from E. coli induced to express LCF protein, lane B shows LCF protein generated as a fusion protein conjugated to a polyhistidine linker purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and lane C shows LCF after Factor Xa cleavage. The band at 17.5 kDa was blotted, excised and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing. FIG. 3B shows a rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation of LCF cDNA: the ³⁵ S-labeled protein product of LCF cDNA translated by rabbit reticulocytes was run on a 15% SDS-PAGE. In FIG. 3B, lane A shows LCF protein translated under non-glycosylating conditions, and lane B shows LCF translated under glycosylating conditions.

FIG. 4 shows the immunoprecipitation of recombinant LCF by rsCD4. In FIG. 4, lane 1 shows 10 μg of recombinant LCF; lane 2 shows recombinant LCF incubated with 50 μg rsCD4 immunoprecipitated with 10 μg rabbit polyclonal anti-CD4 antibody; lane 3 shows recombinant LCF incubated with 10 μg rsCD4 immunoprecipitated with polyclonal anti-CD4 antibody; lane 4 shows recombinant LCF incubated with rsCD4 (10 μg) immunoprecipitated with rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG (10 μg); lane 5, shows recombinant LCF incubated with rsCD4 and immunoprecipitated with monoclonal anti-CD4 (10 μg); lane 6, shows recombinant LCF incubated with rsCD4 and immunoprecipitated with monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody (10 μg); and lane 7, shows rsCD4 (10 μg) incubated with monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody.

FIG. 5 shows a dose response curve for recombinant LCF induced chemotaxis of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. In FIG. 5, an asterisk (*) represents statistical significance at p<0.05 (using a Student's T test from control cell migration).

FIG. 6 shows recombinant LCF-induced chemotaxis in murine T cell hybridoma cells. Murine cell lines expressing either wild-type CD4 (13.13), truncated CD4 (delta-13), or mock infected cells lacking CD4 expression (155.16) were stimulated by recombinant LCF (10⁻⁹ M) (open bars) or 2C11 antibody (10 μg/ml) (striped horizontal bars) and the migratory response quantitated. Cells stimulated by recombinant LCF in the presence of a 100 fold excess of anti-CD4 Fab fragments (10 μg/ml) are also shown (solid bars). Cell migration is expressed as mean of ten high power fields +/- S.D. Migration which was significantly different (p<0.05 by Student's T test) from control cell migration (designated as 100%) is indicated by asterisks.

FIG. 7 shows the specificity of recombinant LCF for CD4+ human T cells using FACs analysis. Two X 10⁶ human T lymphocytes were cultured for 24 and 48 h in the presence of 10⁻⁸ M recombinant LCF. Cells double-labelled with phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD4 antibody and fluorescein-conjugated anti-IL-2R antibody were analyzed on a Becton Dickinson FACscan flow cytometer. Recombinant LCF induced an increase in CD4+/IL-2R⁺ cells from a control level of 3% (top panel) to 17% (bottom panel) by 48 h. The 24h time point demonstrated an increase in 9% of the cells. At no time did CD4- cells show an increase in IL-2R expression. This is a representative FACs analysis of three different experiments. Other experiments demonstrated increases in IL-2R⁺ cells at the 48 h time point in 15% and 19% of the cells.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show the aggregation of recombinant LCF under physiological conditions. FIG. 8A shows a molecular sieve HPLC of ³⁵ S-labelled recombinant LCF (run in phosphate buffered saline, pH 8.0). Fractions were collected and analyzed by scintillation counting (open squares). Parallel samples were collected and assayed for the induction of lymphocyte chemotaxis (solid squares). FIG. 8B, lane A and lane B show an autoradiogram of the peak fraction for both radioactivity and cell migration (fraction 13 shown in FIG. 8A) and the second peak of radioactivity which had no corresponding chemoattractant activity (fraction 17 shown in FIG. 8A) after separation by SDS-PAGE, respectively.

FIG. 9 shows a hydrophilicity plot of recombinant LCF predicted by the method of Kyte and Doolittle (Kyte et al., J. Molec. Bio. 157:105-132 (1982)). Peptides were synthesized and rabbit anti-peptide specific anti-sera were generated to four major hydrophilic regions designated by A,B,C,D.

LCF Polypeptides

LCF polypeptides according to the invention include the full-length LCF polypeptide (as described in FIG. 2, SEQ ID NO: 1). Such polypeptides may be derived from any source. These polypeptides are used, e.g, to screen for antagonists which disrupt a LCF:CD4 receptor interaction or an LCF:mediated physiological response (see below). LCF fragments or analogs may also be useful candidate antagonists of LCF:CD4 receptor activity. The efficacy of a LCF fragment or analog antagonist is dependent upon its ability to interact with CD4; such an interaction may be readily assayed using any number of standard binding methods and LCF-mediated CD4 receptor functional assays (e.g., those described below). Polypeptides of the invention also include any fragment or analog capable of interacting with the CD4 receptor and mediating the LCF biological cascade, i.e. LCF agonists.

Specific LCF polypeptide fragments of interest include any portion of the LCF polypeptide which are capable of interaction with CD4 receptor, e.g., all or part of the N-terminus or e.g., a hydrophilic domain. Based on the hydrophilicity analysis (see FIG. 9) and biologic inhibition data, other likely candidates include without limitation, the four hydrophilic regions, A, B, C and D (see FIG. 5) and the FEAW (Phe, Glu, Ala, Trp) sequence from amino acids 96-99 of LCF (FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO: 1). Such fragments may be useful as agonists or antagonists (as described above), and are also useful as immunogens for producing antibodies which neutralize the activity of LCF; see infra).

Alternatively, from the primary amino acid sequence the secondary protein structure and, therefore, the domains of LCF may be deduced semi-empirically using any standard hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity calculation, e.g., the Chou-Fasman method (see,e.g., Chou and Fasman, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47:251, 1978). Hydrophilic domains present themselves as strong candidates for antigenicity and hydrophobic regions for binding domains, and therefore, useful antagonists or agonists.

Candidate fragments (e.g., all or part of Domains A or D; see, FIG. 9) are then tested for interaction with CD4 receptor and their ability to induce an LCF-mediated physiological response, i.e., serve as LCF agonists, by assays described herein. Fragments are also tested for their ability to antagonize the interaction between LCF and CD4 using the assays described herein. Analogs of useful LCF fragments (as described above) may also be produced and tested for efficacy as screening components or antagonists (using the assays described herein); such analogs are also considered to be useful in the invention.

There now follows a description of the cloning and characterization of a human LCF CDNA useful in the instant invention. This example is provided for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and should not be construed as limiting.

Isolation of Human LCF cDNA

The human LCF gene was isolated as follows.

A CDNA library from mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was ligated into the COS cell expression vector pXM (Wong et al., Science 228:801-815, 1985). Supernatants from cells transfected with pooled plasmids were screened for lymphocyte chemoattractant activity using a modified Boyden chamber assay (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 128:2569-2574, 1982). Supernatants collected 24h after transfection were placed in bottom wells of microchambers. The migration of human T cells through 8 μm nitrocellulose filters in response to the presence of these supernatants was determined, compared to supernatant of mock (vector only) transfected COS cells. Supernatants with chemoattractant activity were further screened for the capacity to induce IL-2R expression on resting T-cells by FACS analysis of cells incubated with fluorescein-conjugated anti-Tac antibody, and for the ability of Fab fragments of monoclonal OKT4 antibody to block this induction (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3723, 1987). Seven different subclonings were screened, approximately 200 clones per supernatant in original supernatants that were subcloned were found to be positive. Next, the supernatants were sequentially subcloned and diluted until one clone per supernatant was obtained. The criteria established for the presence of LCF-containing supernatant included a positive response for both assays and, in addition, that the activity could be blocked by coincubation with Fab fragments generated from OKT4 antibodies (Ortho Pharmac, Raritan, N.J.). A single clone (LCF-7) with these characteristics was isolated and both strands were sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method (Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467, 1977). Sequence analysis and northern blotting (FIG. 1) indicated that the LCF-7 cDNA was not full-length (corresponding to nucleotide 441 to 1450 of the indicated sequence). Then, the LCF-7 CDNA was used to probe a second mitogen-stimulated human PBMC CDNA library ligated into bacteriophage lambda ZAP. 125,000 plaques were screened with full length LCF-7. Upon screening, three clones were isolated ranging in size from 0.6- to 2.2-kb. The largest clone was sequenced on both strands (see FIG. 2; SEQ ID NO: 2). Partial sequencing of two shorter clones revealed that they were identical to LCF-A, but incompletely extended in the 5' direction.

As described above, LCF cDNA was isolated by screening a COS cell expression library of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC). Supernatants were assessed for the presence of LCF by the induction of human CD4+ T cell chemotaxis and cell cycle changes as determined by upregulations of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3823, 1987). Following four rounds of screening, a positive supernatant from a single clone of 1-kb was identified. The LCF CDNA was used to probe a northern blot of total RNA isolated from human T cells (FIG. 1). A single band of 2.2-kb was detected. In order to isolate a full length clone the 1-kb LCF cDNA was used to probe a second mitogen-stimulated human PBMC cDNA library. Three clones were isolated, and the sequence of the largest clone is shown in FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO: 2.

Within the LCF cDNA there is an open reading frame of 393 base pairs extending from nucleotide 783 to 1176 that codes for a 130 residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 13,385 daltons. The methionine at nucleotide 783 is in good context for initiation by Fickett analysis (Fickett, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:5303-5318, 1982). The only other possible initiation site lies downstream and is in-frame, representing residue 38 of the predicted amino acid sequence. There is one potential N-linked glycosylation site on the serine located five residues after the start methionine. While previous work suggests that native LCF is a secreted cytokine (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 128:2569-2574, 1982), in the predicted amino acid sequence there is no consensus hydrophobic signal sequence; however, nor is there a potential transmembrane domain. While most secreted cytokines contain a signal sequence, the absence of a signal sequence has been reported for both secreted IL-1α and IL-1β. Similarly searches of the Genbank nucleic acid and protein data bases failed to find any related sequences. DNA and protein homology searches were conducted using the programs FASTA, SEARCH, and BLAST in the Genbank and PIR databases.

RNA Isolation and Northern Analysis

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared by Ficoll-Paque density centrifugation as previously described (Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 138:3817-3823, 1987; Cruikshank et al., J. Immunol. 146:2928-2934, 1991). The T lymphocyte population was purified by plastic adherence followed by nylon wool adherence and finally by sheep erythrocyte rosetting and centrifugation. Cells recovered from the pellet were >99% T lymphocytes as determined by fluorescent analysis. Monocytes were purified from PBMC using sheep erythrocyte rosetting to deplete T lymphocytes, followed by plastic adherence of the cells remaining in the supernatant after the rosetting step. Adherent cells recovered from the plastic were >92% monocytes by fluorescence analysis. All cells were lysed with cold 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate and RNA was isolated by CsCl centrifugation (Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989). Ten μg of RNA from each sample was loaded on a 1% agarose-formaldehyde gel for electrophoresis, and blotted onto nylon membrane. A CDNA probe from a 704 bp Pst I fragment of recombinant LCF-7 was ³² P!dCTP-labeled by the random primer method (Feinberg et al., Anal. Biochem. 132:6-13, 1983) and the blot was hybridized with 1×10⁶ cpm/ml for 24 hr. After hybridization the blot was washed with 0.2 X SSC (30 mM NaCl, 3 mM sodium citrate, 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1% sodium lauryl sarcosine at 56° C., and hybridization was visualized by autoradiography. As shown in FIG. 1, the probe hybridized specifically to a lymphocyte RNA of approximately 2.2 kilobases. This confirmed that LCF was expressed in T lymphocytes and indicated that the clone was full-length.

LCF Polypeptide Expression and Synthesis

Polypeptides according to the invention may be produced by transformation of a suitable host cell with all or part of an LCF-encoding cDNA fragment (e.g., the cDNA described above) in a suitable expression vehicle.

Those skilled in the field of molecular biology will understand that any of a wide variety of expression systems may be used to provide the recombinant LCF protein. The precise host cell used is not critical to the invention. The LCF polypeptide may be produced in a prokaryotic host (e.g., E. coli), or in a eukaryotic host (e.g., S. cerevisiae or mammalian cells, e.g., COS1, NIH3T3, and JEG3 cells, or in the cells of an arthropod, e.g. Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) cells). Such cells are available from a wide range of sources (e.g., the American Type Culture Collection, Rockland, Md.; also see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra). The method of transfection and the choice of expression vehicle will depend on the host system selected. Transformation and transfection methods are described, e.g., in Ausubel et al., supra; expression vehicles may be chosen from those provided, e.g., in Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual (P. H. Pouwels et al., 1985, Supp. 1987).

One preferred LCF expression system is a prokaryotic expression system as described by Ausubel et al. (supra). Thus, a DNA fragment containing the LCF cDNA open reading frame with flanking BamH1 and Nde1 restriction sites was generated by PCR according to standard methods and ligated into the E. coli expression vector pT-16b (Novagen). This plasmid, pET-166-ICF, was then used to transform E. coli JM109. In order to stimulate the production of recombinant LCF the transformed bacterial were stimulated with IPTG, grown in culture media and subsequently lysed. Recombinant protein was isolated by metal chelation chromatography according the well known methods (see, e.g., Studier Meth. Enzymol. 185:60-89, 1990). Recombinant LCF was then subjected to SDS-PAGE (FIG. 3A) and blotted to Problott transfer filters (Applied Biosystems). A prominent band found at an apparent molecular weight of 17.5 kDa was excised and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequencing according to standard techniques. Twenty-five amino acid residues at the N-terminus of the recombinant LCF were sequenced and were found to be identical to the predicted amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1). While the SDS-PAGE mass of 17.5 kDa is larger than the expected 13.4 kDa based on nucleotide sequence, it is identical to the migration pattern of ³⁵ S-labeled in vitro translated protein (FIG. 3B). The discrepancy in mass determined by SDS-PAGE from the predicted sequence may be due to aberrant migration of recombinant LCF in the SDS acrylamide gel system.

Another preferred LCF expression system is a baculovirus expression system as described by Ausubel et al. (supra). DNA encoding an LCF polypeptide is inserted into an appropriate transfer vector, e.g., pVL1392 (Invitrogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.). Next, the vector is co-transfected with wild type baculovirus genomic DNA into Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) cells (ATTC Accession No: CRL 1711) and recombinant viruses are isolated by standard techniques, e.g., see Ausubel et al. (supra). Recombinant LCF produced in a baculovirus system was found to synthesize a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 17.5 kDa which is similar to the protein synthesized using the E. coli expression system shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. Sequencing of the first five N-terminal amino acid residues of the baculovirus recombinant LCF was performed. The sequences were found to be identical to the predicted amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ. ID No.: 1) with a methionine at position 783 as the initiation site.

Alternatively, an LCF polypeptide may be produced by a stably-transfected mammalian cell line. A number of vectors suitable for stable transfection of mammalian cells are available to the public, e.g., see Pouwels et al. (supra); methods for constructing such cell lines are also publicly available, e.g., see Ausubel et al. (supra). In one example, cDNA encoding the LCF polypeptide is cloned into an expression vector which includes the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. Integration of the plasmid and, therefore, the LCF-encoding gene into the host cell chromosome is selected for by inclusion of 0.01-300 μM methotrexate in the cell culture medium (as described in Ausubel et al., supra). This dominant selection can be accomplished in most cell types. Recombinant protein expression can be increased by DHFR-mediated amplification of the transfected gene. Methods for selecting cell lines bearing gene amplifications are described in Ausubel et al. (supra); such methods generally involve extended culture in medium containing gradually increasing levels of methotrexate. DHFR-containing expression vectors commonly used for this purpose include pCVSEII-DHRF and pAdD26SV(A) as described in Ausubel et al. (supra). Any of the host cells described above or, preferably, a DHFR-deficient CHO cell line (e.g., CHO DHFR-cells, ATCC Accession No. CRL 9096) are among the host cells preferred for DHFR selection of a stably-transfected cell line or DHFR-mediated gene amplification.

Once the recombinant LCF polypeptide is expressed, it is isolated, e.g., by using affinity chromatography. In a working example, a CD4 affinity column was prepared by coupling recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4) to CNBr Sepharose 4B according to previously described methods (see, e.g., Cruikshank et al., Journal of Immunology 1991). Thus, 100 μg rsCD4 was covalently conjugated to a CNBr activated Sepharose 4B (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Next, an in vitro RNA transcript of LCF was generated and used for in vitro translation with rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of 35S! methionine according to standard methods. ³⁵ S-labeled in vitro LCF was applied to the column for 3 hr at 37° C at which time the column was extensively washed with wash buffer (0.01M Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 0.14M NaCl, 0.025% NaN₃, 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate). LCF was eluted with a triethanolamine solution (50 mM triethanolamine, pH 11, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.15M NaCl) into tubes containing 1M Tris-Cl, pH 6.7 and analyzed.

Once isolated, the recombinant protein can, if desired, be further purified, e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography. These general techniques of polypeptide expression and purification can also be used to produce and isolate useful LCF fragments or analogs (as described below). Furthermore, the eluate may then, if desired, be run on a SDS-PAGE and visualized by autoradiography (see, e.g., the results from the above experiment presented in FIG. 3B).

Finally, LCF polypeptides, particularly short LCF fragments, can be produced by chemical synthesis (e.g., by the method described in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 1984, 2nd ed. , Stewart and Young, eds., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.).

Assays for LCF Binding and Function

Useful LCF polypeptide fragments or analogs in the invention are those which interact with CD4 receptor, e.g., LCF agonists or antagonists. Such an interaction may be detected by an in vitro binding assay (as described infra) followed by functional analysis. Thus, the fragments or analogs thereof may also be assayed functionally, i.e., for its ability to bind CD4 receptor and to induce the migration of T4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and the like (as described infra). These assays include, as components, LCF (or a suitable LCF fragment or analog thereof) and recombinant soluble CD4 receptor (rsCD4) or CD4 receptor-bearing cell, e.g., an eosinophil, configured to permit detection of binding. Thus, the invention includes methods for screening compounds useful as LCF agonists.

One such assay method is as follows. Full-length LCF polypeptide (fragment or analog thereof) is produced as described supra. CD4 receptor component is produced either as a recombinant soluble component or is produced as a membrane component by a cell, e.g., a T lymphocyte, monocyte or eosinophil.

In vitro assays to determine the extent of LCF (fragment or analog thereof) binding to rsCD4 or CD4 receptor-bearing cells is then performed. For example, a whole cell assay is preferably performed by fixing the cell expressing the CD4 receptor, e.g, eosinophils, to a solid substrate (e.g., a test tube, or a microtiter well) by means well known to those in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. supra) and presenting labelled LCF polypeptide (e.g., ¹²⁵ I-labelled LCF). Labelling of LCF, e.g., with ¹²⁵ I, is performed according to standard techniques known in the art. Binding is assayed by the detection label in association with the receptor component (and, therefore, in association with the solid substrate and CD4 receptor) by techniques well known in the art.

The assay format may be any of a number of suitable formats for detecting suitable binding, such as a radioimmunoassay format (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra). Preferably, cells bearing CD4 receptor are immobilized on a solid substrate (e.g., the well of a microtiter plate) and reacted with LCF polypeptide which is detectably labelled, e.g., with a radiolabel such as ¹²⁵ I or an enzyme which can be assayed, e.g., alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. Thus, ¹²⁵ I-labelled LCF is bound to the cells and assayed for specific activity; specific binding is determined by comparison with binding assays performed in the presence of excess unlabelled LCF polypeptide.

Alternatively, LCF polypeptide (fragment or analog thereof) may be adhered to the solid substrate (e.g., to a microtiter plate using methods similar to those for adhering cells for an ELISA assay; Ausubel et al. supra) and the ability of labelled rsCD4 receptor to bind LCF can be used to detect specific rsCD4 receptor binding to the immobilized LCF.

There now follows an example demonstrating still another method useful for analyzing the LCF:CD4 interaction. In this method recombinant LCF-containing E. coli crude supernatant was incubated with 10 μg of rsCD4 for 1 h at 4° C. Next, the recombinant LCF-CD4 complex was added to protein A Sepharose beads which had been incubated with 1 μg rabbit anti-CD4 polyclonal antibody and washed with a suitable buffer. The mixture was then incubated for 2h at 4° C., washed four times with TSB (0.01M Tris, (pH 8.0), 0.14M NaCl, 0.025% NaN₃) prior to running on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel system. Protein separated on the SDS-gel was then transferred to Problott transfer filters and probed using rabbit anti-peptide D antibody (1:200 dilution) (also see section infra anti-LCF Antibodies) followed by goat anti-rabbit ¹²⁵ I-IgG antibody. The results of this experiment are presented in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4. there is a detectable specific physical interaction between recombinant LCF and rsCD4.

LCF polypeptide (or fragment or analog thereof) may also be assayed functionally for its ability to mediate migration of CD4+ lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and the like. Migration assays may be employed using any suitable cell, e.g., T lymphocytes, monocytes or eosinophils as described in (Cruikshank et al., 1987, J. Immunol. 128: 2569-2571; Rand et al., 1992, J. Exp. Med. 173:1521-1528) follows. For example, recombinant LCF synthesized in an expression system, e.g., E. coli or baculovirus expression systems (as described supra), can be assayed for the ability to induce cell migration. In one working example, murine cell chemotaxis was performed using a modified Boyden chemotaxis chamber (Cruikshank et al, J. Immunol. 128: 2569-2571). The cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS at a concentration of 5×10⁶ cells/ml. A 12 μm nitrocellulose membrane was used and the cells were incubated for 4 h. Next, the membranes were stained with hematoxylin and dehydrated using sequential washing with ethanol, propanol, and finally xylene to clarify the filters and allow for cell counting by light microscopy. Cell migration was quantitated by counting the number of cells which had migrated beyond 50 μm. All counts were compared with control cell (unstimulated) migration which was always normalized to 100%. In addition, all samples were performed in duplicate and five high-powered fields were counted for each duplicate. FIG. 5 shows a representative dose response curve for protein generated from the E. coli expression system (supra). As indicated from the dose response curve, maximal migration was induced with a concentration of recombinant LCF at 10⁻⁹ M, and ED₅₀ of 10⁻¹¹ M. Statistics were performed using Student's T Test (or analysis of variance modifications when data from multiple experiments were pooled) and counts statistically different from control cell migration (p<0.05) are designated by an asterisk. Similar results were obtained when baculovirus-produced LCF was substituted for E. coli-produced LCF.

In order to demonstrate that this physical association between recombinant proteins in solution corresponds to a specific functional association between recombinant LCF and cell surface CD4 the effects of recombinant LCF on murine T cell hybridoma cell lines expressing either full-length or truncated human CD4 was examined (Sleckman et al., 1987, 1988). Three cell lines were employed: a mock infected cell line which lacked expression of CD4; a cell line expressing intact (wild type) CD4; and a cell line expressing truncated CD4 (delta 13) in which the 31 most distal residues of the cytoplasmic tail of CD4 have been deleted. The cell lines expressing either intact CD4 or delta 13 CD4 were chosen for their comparable levels of CD4. As shown in FIG. 6 cells which expressed intact CD4 migrated in response to recombinant LCF stimulation. Cells either lacking CD4 or expressing delta 13 CD4 were unresponsive to recombinant LCF. These cells were responsive to murine T cell receptor-stimulated migration as the antibody 2C11 induced migratory responses of 198%±4% and 192%±3% for the mock transfected and delta 13 CD4 cell lines respectively (FIG. 6). These studies demonstrate that CD4 must be expressed for LCF-induced cell motile responsiveness and that the cytoplasmic tail is required.

CD4 specificity for LCF stimulation in human T cells was demonstrated using the expression of IL-2R to identify LCF responsive cells. Mixed T cells were cultured in the presence of recombinant LCF (10⁻⁸ M) for 24 and 48 hrs at which time the cells were labeled for their expression of both CD4 and IL-2R. As shown in FIG. 7, only cells which were CD4⁺ demonstrated an increase in surface expressed IL-2R. In this particular experiment an increase in IL-2R was observed for 17% of the CD4⁺ cells. This indicates not only LCF specificity for CD4⁺ cells, but also suggests that recombinant LCF acts only on a subset of CD4⁺ cells.

Finally, molecular weight sieve chromatography of recombinant LCF shows that most chemoattractant activity elutes in the 50-60 kDa region. This peak of chemoattractant activity corresponds to the elution profile of ³⁵ S-labeled recombinant LCF subjected to identical chromatography as shown in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B. A small peak of radioactivity was present with no corresponding chemoactivity in the 14-18 kDa region. The peak fraction for both chemotaxis and radioactivity (fraction 13) and the fraction containing only radioactivity (fraction 17) were applied to SDS-PAGE and subjected to autoradiography. The LCF proteins from each fraction appeared as single bands at 17.5 kDa (FIG. 8B). These data suggest that under physiologic conditions LCF exists predominantly as a non-covalently linked multimer, but some LCF may exist as monomers. The multimeric form, however, is believed to possess chemoattractant activity.

Screening For Compounds that Inhibit LCF:CD4 Interaction

As discussed above, one aspect of the invention features screening for compounds that antagonize the interaction between LCF and CD4 receptor, thereby preventing or reducing the cascade of events that are mediated by that interaction. Chemical antagonists to LCF which bind to LCF or LCF/CD4 receptor or CD4 receptor without triggering a response are used to reduce, attenuate or interfere with the effects of LCF or cross-linked LCF agonists or biologically active LCF polypeptide fragments or analogs thereof which act to stimulate or activate LCF-mediated events of the immune response and inflammation. Thus, the invention provides for methods to screen for such useful compounds. These antagonists include, without limitation, e.g., cross-linked LCF, synthetic LCF, anti-LCF antibodies, or other drugs, e.g. organic compounds.

Thus, LCF polypeptide can be used to prepare compounds that tend to neutralize or impede its activity. For example, one approach pertains to identification of the active sites of LCF, followed by the alteration of those sites of the LCF amino acid sequence by substitution of amino acids within the active site by other amino acids, so that the peptide does not lose its binding affinity for the CD4 receptor, but upon binding is unable to promote activity, and thereby blocks the effect of LCF. LCF activity may also be blocked, attenuated, or interfered with by using antibodies, e.g., monoclonal, or chemical antagonists to LCF. These chemical antagonists include any organic compounds, or any of the other aforementioned compounds, which can be assayed or screened for their ability to interfere with LCF:CD4 mediate events by the methods that follow.

The elements of the screen are LCF polypeptide (or a suitable fragment or analog thereof) and rsCD4 or, a CD4 receptor expressing cell, e.g., CD4⁺ lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and the like, configured to permit detection of binding. A full-length LCF polypeptide (fragment or analog thereof) and rsCD4 may be produced as described above.

Binding of LCF to its receptor may be assayed by any suitable method (as described above). For example, cells expressing CD4 receptor, e.g., eosinophils, are immobilized on a solid substrate (e.g., the well of a microtiter plate) and reacted with detectably-labelled LCF polypeptide (fragment or analog thereof) as described above. Binding is assayed by the detection label in association with the receptor component (and, therefore, in association with the solid substrate). Binding of labelled full-length recombinant LCF polypeptide to CD4 receptor bearing cells is used as a "control" against which antagonist assays are measured. The antagonist assays involve incubation of the CD4 receptor bearing cells with an appropriate amount of candidate antagonist, e.g., an antibody or an organic compound. To this mix, an equivalent amount of labelled LCF is added. An antagonist useful in the invention interferes with labelled-LCF binding to the immobilized receptor-bearing cells. Alternatively, an antagonist may bind but not activate a biological response.

Subsequently, an antagonist, if desired, may be tested for its ability to interfere with LCF function, i.e., to specifically interfere with labelled LCF binding without resulting in signal transduction normally mediated by a full-length LCF polypeptide.

Appropriate candidate antagonists include e.g., the polypeptides FEAW (Phe-Glu-Ala-Trp at amino acids 96-99) and RKSLQSKETTAAGDS (Arg-Lys-Ser-Leu-Gln-Ser-Lys-Glu-Thr-Thr-Ala-Ala-Gly-Asp-Ser at amino acids 116-130) see e.g., SEQ ID No.:1 analogs of LCF, and other peptides as well as non-peptide compounds, and anti-LCF polypeptide antibodies designed or derived from analysis of LCF/CD4 receptor interaction or the primary structure of LCF.

Anti-LCF Polypeptide Antibodies

Human LCF (or fragments or analogs) may be used to raise antibodies useful in the invention; such polypeptides may be produced by recombinant or peptide synthetic techniques (see, e.g., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, supra; Ausubel et al., supra). The peptides may be coupled to a carrier protein such as KLH as described in Ausubel et al., supra. The KLH-peptide is mixed with Freund's adjuvant and injected into guinea pigs, rats, donkeys and like or preferably rabbits. Antibodies may be purified by peptide antigen affinity chromatography.

For example, Kyte-Doolittle analysis (Kyte, J. Molec. Bio. 157:105-132, 1982) of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed four major hydrophilic regions (FIG. 9). Based on the LCF hydrophilicity plot, rabbit antibodies to synthetic polypeptides of the four major hydrophilic regions from residues 3-11, 47-58, 68-81 and 115-130 (designated in FIG. 9 as A, B, C, D, respectively) were generated. Peptide specific polyclonal antisera were identified by ELISA for each peptide and then purified by protein A sepharose chromatography. In one example demonstrating the utility of such antibodies, it was determined that antibodies generated to region D blocked recombinant LCF (10⁻⁹ M)-induced migation from 194%±7% (mean±S.D., N=4) to 112% +5% in the chemotaxis indicator assay system (described supra). Furthermore, the anti-peptide D antibody was found to be suitable for western blotting and identified the same 17.5 kDa band as was observed following protein staining in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B.

Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using LCF polypeptides described above and standard hybridoma technology (see, e.g. Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495, 1975; Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511, 1976;

Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 6:292, 1976; Hammerling et al., In Monoclonal Antibodies and T Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., 1981; Ausubel et al., supra). Thus, in one example, monoclonal antibodies to LCF (fragments or analogs thereof) can be raised in Balb/C or other similar strains of mice by immunization with purified or partially purified preparations of LCF (fragments or analogs thereof). The spleens of these mice can be removed, and their lymphocytes fused to a mouse myeloma cell line. After screening of hybrids by known techniques, a stable hybrid will be isolated that produces antibodies against LCF (fragments or analogs thereof). Such activity can be demonstrated by the ability of the antibody to prevent the binding of radio-labelled LCF (e.g., ¹²⁵ I-LCF) to the CD4 receptor. The monoclonal antibody can then be examined for its ability to prevent the biological activity of LCF, e.g., cell migration (as discussed above). Once produced, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are tested for specific LCF polypeptide recognition by Western blot or immunoprecipitation analysis (by methods described in Ausubel et al., supra). Antibodies which specifically recognize an LCF polypeptide (fragment or analog thereof) are considered to be likely candidates for useful antagonists; or such antibodies may be used, e.g., in an immunoassay to monitor the level of LCF polypeptide produced by a mammal, e.g., a human. Antibodies which antagonize LCF/CD4 receptor binding or LCF mediated CD4 receptor function are considered to be useful antagonists in the invention.

Stimulation of Cell Division Using LCF and A Growth Factor

We have discovered that recombinant LCF induces the expression of cell receptors, e.g., IL-2R, which subsequently render a cell-bearing the receptor, e.g., a T cell, competent to respond to its cognate growth factor, e.g., IL-2. In one working example, human T cells were stimulated with recombinant LCF (a concentration range of 10⁻⁵ M to 10⁻¹⁰ M was used with similar results, data for 10⁻⁸ M is shown) for 24h at which time rIL-2 (2U/ml) or anti-CD3 (OKT3, 50 ng/ml) were added to the cell cultures. Four days after the addition of either rIL-2 or OKT3 antibody cell proliferation was assayed by ³ H thymidine uptake. Averaging the results of all three experiments shown in Table 1, showing the effects of recombinant LCF on anti--CD3 and rIL-2 induced thymidine incorporation, recombinant LCF preincubation resulted in enhanced IL-2 responsiveness. Human T cells do not increase the incorporation of 3H thymidine following incubation with recombinant LCF alone at either 24 or 48h, but following preincubation with recombinant LCF, rIL-2 stimulated T cells increase their incorporation of ³ H thymidine from 1,079 cpm to 13,818 cpm. However, in the recombinant LCF treated cell cultures the proliferative response to anti-CD3 antibody was reduced approximately 50% from 21,257 cpm for anti-CD3 stimulation alone to 12, 047 cpm in cell stimulated with recombinant LCF.

Thus, in the example given human T cells were incubated with recombinant LCF for 24 hours prior to stimulation with the T cell growth factor interleukin 2. Prior incubation of T cells with recombinant LCF resulted in a 5 fold increase in incorporation of ³ H-thymidine (DNA synthesis) at 72 hours compared to either recombinant LCF or rIL-2 alone. This synergy was specific for IL-2 as prior incubation of T cells with recombinant LCF decreased subsequent ³ H-thymidine incorporation in response to T cell antigens (see anti-CD₃ responses).

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Stimulus   Expt. 1    Expt. 2    Expt. 3                                       ______________________________________                                         Control     983 ± 145                                                                             1074 ± 326                                                                              946 ± 197                                 LCF (10.sup.-8 M)                                                                          1203 ± 284                                                                            1054 ± 212                                                                              982 ± 301                                 Anti-CD3 (50ng/ml)                                                                        22485 ± 1077                                                                           20496 ± 998                                                                            20792 ± 1048                               rIL-2 (1U/ml)                                                                              2381 ± 185                                                                            2594 ± 464                                                                              2508 ± 4071                               LCF + anti-CD3*                                                                           12497 ± 1038                                                                           11739 ± 335                                                                            11905 ± 1127                               LCF + rIL-2*                                                                              12664 ± 2802                                                                           15037 ± 1088                                                                           13753 ± 2068                               ______________________________________                                          *Cultures were stimulated with LCF for 24hr prior to the addition of           either antiCD3 antibody or rIL2. Cultures were conducted for a total of 5      days.                                                                    

Therapy

Particularly suitable therapeutics for the treatment of hyperresponsive immune responses and inflammatory diseases are the soluble antagonistic fragments described above formulated in an appropriate buffer such as physiological saline. Furthermore, anti-LCF polypeptide (fragments or analogs thereof) antibodies produced as described above may be used as therapeutics. Again, the antibodies would be administered in a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer (e.g., physiological saline). If appropriate, the antibody preparation may be combined with a suitable adjuvant. Similarly, the methods of the invention provide for the identification of an organic compound useful to antagonize LC4:CD4 interaction, once identified and isolated such a compound can then be formulated in an appropriate buffer and used as a therapeutic.

In addition, suitable therapeutics for the use of LCF or LCF agonists as immunosuppressive agents or as therapeutics to stimulate the expansion of CD4+ receptor bearing cells (as described supra) are formulated in an appropriate buffer such as physiological saline. Again, these formulations would be administered in a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer (e.g., physiological saline).

Ordinarily, the therapeutic composition will be administered intravenously, at a dosage effective to stimulate activation of new CD4 lymphocyte populations; to induce anergy (see table above) and inhibit rejection in transplants; and to attenuate a hyperresponsive immune response and inflammation, e.g., asthma.

Alternatively, it may be convenient to administer the therapeutic orally, nasally, or topically, e.g. as a liquid or a spray as a primary product or as a viral vector carrying LCF cDNA. Again, the dosages are as described above. However, the dosage of the compound for treating any of the above-mentioned disorders varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age and the body weight of the subject, and the condition of the subject to be treated, and ultimately will be decided by the attending physician or veterinarian. Such amount of the active compound as determined by the attending physician or veterinarian is referred to herein as a "therapeutically effective amount." The compounds of the invention can be administered to a mammal, e.g., a human patient in a dosage of 0.5 μg/kg/day to 5 mg/kg/day.

Synergistic effect between recombinant LCF and growth factor (e.g., IL-2) could be induced by sequential administration of recombinant LCF (0.5 μg/kg to 5 mg/kg followed in 24 hours by similar doses or rIL-2.

The methods of the invention may be used to reduce the disorders described herein in any mammal, for example, humans, domestic pets, or livestock. Where a non-human mammal is treated, the LCF polypeptide or the antibody employed is preferably but not necessarily specific for that species.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The invention includes any protein which is substantially homologous to LCP polypeptide (FIG. 2, SEQ ID NO: 1). LCF is expressed in human T cells and exocrine pancreas. It is also expressed in the human monocytoid cell line THP-1. Also included are: allelic variations; natural mutants; induced mutants; proteins encoded by DNA that hybridizes under high or low (e.g., washing at 2xSSC at 40° C. with a probe length of at least 40 nucleotides) stringency conditions to a nucleic acid naturally occurring (for other definitions of high and low stringency see Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989); and polypeptides or proteins specifically bound by antisera to LCF polypeptide, especially by antisera to the active site or binding domain of LCF polypeptide. The term also includes chimeric polypeptides that include LCF polypeptide.

In addition to substantially full-length polypeptides, the invention also includes biologically active fragments of the polypeptides. As used herein, the term "fragment", as applied to a polypeptide, will ordinarily be at least about residues, more typically at least about 40 residues, preferably at least about 60 residues in length. Fragments of LCF polypeptide can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art. The ability of a candidate fragment to exhibit a biological activity of LCF polypeptide can be assessed by methods known to those skilled in the art as described herein. Also included are LCF polypeptides containing residues that are not required for biological activity of the peptide such as residues that are not required for the biological activity of the polypeptide, or that result from alternative mRNA splicing or alternative protein processing events.

    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 2                                                   (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 130 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (C) STRANDEDNESS: Not Relevant                                                 (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                        MetProAspLeuAsnSerSerThrAspSerAlaAlaSerAlaSerAla                               151015                                                                         AlaSerAspValSerValGluSerThrAlaGluAlaThrValCysThr                               202530                                                                         ValThrLeuGluLysMetSerAlaGlyLeuGlyPheSerLeuGluGly                               354045                                                                         GlyLysGlySerLeuHisGlyAspLysProLeuThrIleAsnArgIle                               505560                                                                         PheLysGlyAlaAlaSerGluGlnSerGluThrValGlnProGlyAsp                               65707580                                                                       GluIleLeuGlnLeuGlyGlyThrAlaMetGlnGlyLeuThrArgPhe                               859095                                                                         GluAlaTrpAsnIleIleLysAlaLeuProAspGlyProValThrIle                               100105110                                                                      ValIleArgArgLysSerLeuGlnSerLysGluThrThrAlaAlaGly                               115120125                                                                      AspSer                                                                         130                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 2150 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                        TTCCTCGAGAGCTGTCAACACAGGCTGAGGAATCTCAAGGCCCAGTGCTCAAGATGCCTA60                 GCCAGCGAGCACGGAGCTTCCCCCTGACCAGGTCCCAGTCCTGTGAGACGAAGCTACTTG120                ACGAAAAGACCAGCAAACTCTATTCTATCACCAGCCAGTGTCATCGGCTGTCATGAAATC180                CTTGCTGTGCCTTCCATCTTCTATCTCCTGTGCCCAGACTCCCTGCATCCCCAAGGCAGG240                GGCATCTCCAACATCATCATCCAACGAAGACTCAGCTGCAAATGGTTCTGCTGAAACATC300                TGCCTTGGACACGGGGTTCTCGCTCAACCTTTCAGAGCTGAGAGAATATACAGAGGGTCT360                CACGGAAGCCAAGGAAGACGATGATGGGGACCACAGTTCCTTCAGTCTGGTCAGTCCGTT420                ATCTCCCTGCTGAGCTCAGAAGAATTAAAAAAACTCATCGAGGAGGTGAAGGTTCTGGAT480                GAAGCAACATTAAAGCAATTAGACGGCATCCATGTCACCATCTTACACAAGGAGGAAGGT540                CGTGGTCTTGGGTTCAGCTTGGCAGGAGGAGCAGATCTAGAAAACAAGGTGATTACGGTT600                CACAGAGTGTTTCCAAATGGGCTGGCCTCCCAGGAAGGGACTATTCAGAAGGGCAATGAG660                GTTCTTTCCATCAACGGCAAGTCTCTCAAGGGGACCACGCACCATGATGCCTTGGCCATC720                CTCCGCCAAGCTCGAGAGCCCAGGCAAGCTGTGATTGTCACAAGGAAGCTGACTCCAGAG780                CCATGCCCGACCTCAACTCCTCCACTGACTCTGCAGCCTCAGCCTCTGCAGCCAGTGATG840                TTTCTGTAGAATCTACAGCAGAGGCCACAGTCTGCACGGTGACACTGGAGAAGATGTCGG900                CAGGGCTGGGCTTCAGCCTGGAAGGAGGGAAGGGCTCCCTACACGGAGACAAGCCTCTCA960                CCATTAACAGGATTTTCAAAGGAGCAGCCTCAGAACAAAGTGAGACAGTCCAGCCTGGAG1020               ATGAAATCTTGCAGCTGGGTGGCACTGCCATGCAGGGCCTCACACGGTTGGAAGCCTGGA1080               ACATCATCAAGGCACTGCCTGATGGACCTGTCACGATTGTCATCAGGAGAAAAAGCCTCC1140               AGTCCAAGGAAACCACAGCTGCTGGAGACTCCTAGGCAGGACATGCTGAAGCCAAAGCCA1200               ATAACACACAGCTAACACACAGCTCCCATAACCGCTGATTCTCAGGGTCTCTGCTGCCGC1260               CCCACCCAGATGGGGGAAAGCACAGGTGGGCTTCCCAGTGGCTGCTGCCCAGGCCCAGAC1320               CTTCTAGGACGCCACCCAGCAAAAGGTTGTTCCTAAAATAAGGGCAGAGTCACACTGGGG1380               CAGCTGATACAAATTGCAGACTGTGTAAAAAGAGAGCTTAATGATAATATTGTGGTGCCA1440               CAAATAAAATGGATTTATTAGAATTCCATATGACATTCATGCCTGGCTTCGCAAAATGTT1500               TCAAGTACTGTAACTGTGTCATGATTCACCCCCAAACAGTGACATTTATTTTTCTCATGA1560               ATCTGCAATGTGGGCAGAGATTGGAATGGGCAGCTCATCTCTGTCCCACTTGGCATCAGC1620               TGGCGTCATGCAAAGTCATGCAAAGGCTGGGACCACCTGAGATCATTCACTCATACATCT1680               GGCCGTTGATGTTGGCTGGGAACTCACCTGGGGCTGCTGGCCTGAATGCTTATAGGTGGC1740               CTCTCCTTGTTGCCTGGGCTCCTCACAACATGGTGTCTGGATTCCCAGGATGAGCATCCC1800               AGGATCGCAAGAGCCACGTAGAAGCTGCATCTTGTTTATACCTTTGCCTTGGAAGTTGCA1860               TGGCATCACCTCCACCATACTCCATCAGTTAGAGCTGACACAAACCTGCCTGGGTTTAAG1920               GGGAGAGGAAATATTGCTGGGGTCATTTATGAAAAATACAGTTTGTCACATGAAACATTT1980               GCAAAATTGTTTTTGGTTGGATTGGAGAAGTAATCCTAGGGAAGGGTGGTGGAGCCAGTA2040               AATAGAGGAGTACAGTGTAAGCACCAAGCTCAAAGCGTGGACAGGTGTGCCGACAGAAGG2100               AACCAGCGTGTATATGAGGGTATCAAATAAAATTGCTACTACTTACCACC2150                         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What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated DNA encoding a lyphocyte chemoattractant factor polypeptide as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 2. A host cell transformed or transfected with the DNA of claim
 1. 3. The DNA of claim 1, wherein said DNA is cDNA.
 4. A vector comprising the DNA of claim 1, said vector being capable of directing the expression of the protein encoded by said DNA in a vector-containing cell.
 5. The cell of claim 2, said cell being a prokaryotic cell.
 6. The cell of claim 2, said cell being a eukaryotic cell.
 7. The cell of claim 6, said cell being an arthropod cell.
 8. A method of producing a recombinant lymphocyte chemoattractant factor polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising:(a) providing a cell transformed with the DNA comprising SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment thereof positioned for expression in said cell; (b) culturing said cell under conditions for expressing said DNA; and (c) isolating said recombinant lymphocyte chemoattractant factor polypeptide or fragment; wherein said fragment exhibits lyphocyte chemoattractant factor antagonist activity. 